Aircraft Fuels and Lubricants

stacjonarne

I stopnia

obowiązkowy

W 10/+, C 10/+, L 10/+ razem: 30 godz., 2,0 pkt ECTS

Fluid Mechanics / fundamental relationships of fluid mechanics – continuity equation, Euler’s equation of motion, Bernoulli’s equation, laminar and turbulent flow.

Thermodynamics / principles of thermodynamics, characteristic transformations and thermodynamic cycles of combustion proces-ses.

Semester V / Aviation and Astronautics / Aircraft and Aircraft Propulsion

Assoc. Prof. Eng. Piotr Wróblewski, D.Sc.

STUDENT ACTIVITY / WORKLOAD IN HOURS:

1. PARTICIPATION IN LECTURES / 10

2. PARTICIPATION IN LABORATORY CLASSES / 10

3. PARTICIPATION IN CLASSROOM EXERCISES / 10

4. PARTICIPATION IN SEMINARS / 0

5. INDEPENDENT STUDY OF LECTURE TOPICS / 8

6. INDEPENDENT PREPARATION FOR LABORATORY CLASSES / 8

7. INDEPENDENT PREPARATION FOR CLASSROOM EXERCISES / 7

8. INDEPENDENT PREPARATION FOR SEMINAR / 0

9. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION / 0

10. PARTICIPATION IN CONSULTATIONS / 10

11. PREPARATION FOR THE EXAM / 0

12. PREPARATION FOR THE FINAL ASSESSMENT / 7

13. PARTICIPATION IN THE EXAM / 0

TOTAL STUDENT WORKLOAD: 70 HOURS / 2.0 ECTS

CLASSES WITH INSTRUCTOR PARTICIPATION (1+2+3+4+9+10+13): 40 HOURS / 1.5 ECTS

CLASSES RELATED TO RESEARCH ACTIVITY: 53 HOURS / 1.5 ECTS

General information on fuels and lubricants. Aviation fuels – methods of production, properties, and energy characteristics. The combu-stion process of hydrocarbon fuels and the fundamental reactions involved. Aviation gasolines – main characteristics, normative requi-rements, types, and operating principles. Additives used in aviation gasolines and methods for evaluating fuel resistance to knocking combustion. Fuels for turbine aircraft engines – their basic proper-ties, normative requirements, types, and principles of use. Additives for aviation fuels and airport fuel quality control. Phenomena of carbon deposit formation and smoke emission, as well as turbine engine malfunctions resulting from poor fuel quality. Lubricating oils used in aviation – their basic characteristics, normative require-ments, range of types, and principles of application. Aviation grea-ses as well as technical and auxiliary fluids used in aviation.

Lectures – verbal and visual method using modern multimedia tech-niques, including presentations with illustrations and diagrams. Se-lected content will be provided for independent study to consolidate the knowledge specified in learning outcome W1.

Lecture 1. General information on fuels and lubricants (2 hours)

Types and classification of fuels and lubricants (MPS) used in avia-tion. Basic information on crude oil and its refining processes. Basic information on hydrocarbons. The combustion process of hydro-carbon fuels. The lecture also covers the key physicochemical pro-perties of fuels and lubricants that determine their operational suita-bility. The importance of MPS quality for the safety and reliability of aircraft engine operation will also be discussed.

Lecture 2. Aviation gasolines (2 hours)

Methods of production, main characteristics, normative require-ments, types, and operating principles. Additives used in aviation gasolines. Methods for assessing fuel resistance to knocking com-bustion. The lecture also presents methods for improving gasoline quality and modern solutions in the field of environmentally friendly fuel components. Examples of international standards and practical aspects of quality testing of piston-engine aviation fuels will be di-scussed.

Lecture 3. Fuels for turbine aircraft engines (2 hours)

Methods of production, main characteristics, normative require-ments, types, and operating principles. Fuel additives. Airport fuel cleanliness control. Carbon deposit formation and smoke emission. Turbine engine malfunctions related to fuel quality. The lecture also covers the impact of fuel parameters on the durability and perfor-mance of turbine engines, as well as procedures for preventing fuel contamination during operation. Examples of engine failure analysis caused by poor fuel quality will be presented.

Lecture 4. Lubricating oils used in aviation (2 hours)

Classification and types, main characteristics, normative require-ments, range of products, and principles of use. The lecture also discusses oil aging processes and the influence of operational con-ditions on lubricating properties. It includes guidelines for selecting appropriate oils for different types of aircraft engines.

Lecture 5. Aviation greases and special-purpose fluids. Logi-stics of aviation fuels and lubricants (2 hours)

Greases (plastic and solid), technical and auxiliary fluids used in aviation – classification, basic characteristics, normative require-ments, and principles of application. Transportation, storage, and distribution of aviation fuels and lubricants. The lecture also covers technical cleanliness maintenance and safety procedures during fuel and lubricant storage. Examples of logistical solutions used in civil and military aviation will be discussed.

Auditory exercises – solving problems using theoretical knowledge from each topic. The verbal–practical method involves group and individual problem-solving to consolidate the knowledge specified in outcome W1 and develop skills U1 and U2.

Exercise 1. Analysis of quality requirements for aviation gasoli-nes and turbine engine fuels (2 hours)

Students will become familiar with the applicable quality standards and specifications used in civil and military aviation. They will analy-ze sample fuel data sheets and interpret laboratory test results in terms of compliance with technical requirements.

Exercise 2. Calculation of aviation fuel density as a function of temperature (2 hours)

Participants will learn the relationship between temperature and fuel density and apply appropriate correction equations. They will per-form practical calculations for various fuel types, analyzing the influ-ence of temperature changes on engine performance parameters.

Exercise 3. Calculation of parameters characterizing fractional composition (2 hours)

Students will learn to determine and interpret initial, final, and 50% distillation temperatures based on laboratory data. They will carry out comparative calculations for different fuel types, assessing their suitability for aviation applications.

Exercise 4. Calculation of the additive content preventing water crystallization in aviation fuel (2 hours)

The types and importance of anti-crystallization additives for flight safety will be discussed. Students will calculate the required amount of additive for different fuel volumes and temperature conditions.

Exercise 5. Calculation of viscosity as a function of temperature and determination of the viscosity index (2 hours)

Participants will learn methods for determining fuel and oil viscosity and understand its significance for lubrication and fuel systems. They will perform calculations of viscosity–temperature relationships and viscosity index based on empirical data.

Laboratory exercises – conducting measurements of fundamental parameters characterizing aviation fuels and lubricants using theore-tical knowledge from specific topics. The practical method involves teamwork during measurements and individual analysis of results to consolidate the knowledge specified in outcome W1 and develop skills U1 and U2.

1. Determination of fractional composition and density of aviation gasoline (2 hours)

2. Determination of electrical conductivity and density of turbine engine fuel (2 hours)

3. Determination of anti-crystallization additive content and dispersed water content in turbine engine fuel (2 hours)

4. Determination of mechanical impurity content and par-ticle size distribution using field and gravimetric met-hods (2 hours)

5. Examination of rheological properties of lubricating oil (2 hours)

Primary references:

• Praca zbiorowa pod redakcją W. Górskiego: Leksykon przetworów naftowych i cieczy eksploatacyjnych. INiG PIB, Kraków, 2016, ISBN 978–83–65649–19–5.

• K. Górska, W. Górski: Materiały pędne i smary, WKiŁ, Warszawa, 1986, ISBN 83–206–0573–3.

• K. Baczewski, T. Kałdoński: Paliwa do silników o zapłonie iskro-wym, WKiŁ, Warszawa, 2005, ISBN 978–83–206–858–7.

• K. Baczewski, P. Szczawiński, W. Zielnik: Płyny eksploatacyjne. Wstęp do inżynierii środków smarowych, WAT, Warszawa, 2010, ISBN 978–83–61486–77–7.

• NO–91–A800:2018 Materiały pędne i smary. Magazynowa i lotni-skowa kontrola czystości paliw do turbinowych silników lotniczych.

Supplementary references:

K. Baczewski, T. Kałdoński: Paliwa do silników o zapłonie samo-czynnym, wyd. 2, WKiŁ, Warszawa, 2008, ISBN 978–83–206–1705–4.

• Wiley Critical Content: Petroleum Technology, Vol. 1–2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 2007, ISBN 978–0–470–13402–3.

Symbol and number of the learning outcome / learning outcome description / reference to the program learning outcome

W1 / possesses structured knowledge in the field of aviation fuels and lubricants, including aviation gasoline, turbine fuels, lubricating oils, and greases / K_W10.

U1 / is able to use appropriately selected methods and instruments to carry out measurements of basic parameters characterizing avia-tion fuels and lubricants / K_U06.

U2 / is able to perform a critical analysis of the functioning of exi-sting technical solutions related to the transportation, storage, and distribution of aviation fuels and lubricants, and to evaluate these solutions / K_U18.

The course is credited on the basis of: pass assessment.

The course completion is conducted in written form.