Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic state. Equations of ideal and real gases. Properties of gas mixtures. Laws of thermodynamics. Characteristic processes. Thermodynamic cycles. Properties of one-component real substances. Phase transitions. Multi-component systems. Equilibrium conditions of a thermodynamic system. Combustion of liquid and solid fuels. Properties of combustion products. Fundamentals of flow thermodynamics. Heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation. External and internal heat sources heating the structure. Basic issues of energy conversion from renewable sources

Lecture / verbal-visual method using modern multimedia techniques (presenta-tions with animation elements, illustrations and diagrams of sample solutions). Providing content for independent study in order to consolidate the knowledge defined by outcomes W1, W2, W3

1. Thermodynamic state. Multi-component systems - selected issues / 2

Introduction. Basic concepts. Thermal equilibrium transactivity. Equa-tions of state for ideal gas and nonideal gas. Ideal gas solutions

2. I law of thermodynamics / 3

Equations expressing the Ist law of thermodynamics. Energy balance for flow and open systems

3. II and III law of thermodynamics / 3

Entropy. The principle of entropy increase. The second law of thermo-dynamics for cycles. Direction of irreversible phenomena. Maximum work, exergy. Properties of substancies at low temperatures. The third law of thermodynamics

4. Properties of ideal gases / 2

Specific heat, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy of ideal gases. Char-acteristic processes of ideal gases

5. Thermodynamic cycles of heat engines and refrigeration devices /2

Comparative cycles of heat machines. Piston engine cycles. Turbine engine cycles. Compressor cycles

6. Properties of one-component real substances / 3

Thermodynamic coefficients. Maxwell relations. Functions of the state of real gases. Equilibrium conditions of a mono-constituent substance. Phase transitions

7. Multi-component systems - selected issues / 2

Properties of moist gases. Moist air processes

8. Thermodynamics of combustion processes / 3

Balancing the amount of substances in combustion processes. Oxy-gen and air demand for combustion. The amount and composition of exhaust gases at complete and incomplete combustion. Energy bal-ance during combustion

9. Thermodynamics of compressible medium flows / 3

Basic equation of compressible flow. Accumulation parameters, criti-cal parameters, general flow characteristics in the nozzle

10. Renewable energy sources / 2

Hydro, wind, geothermal and solar energy. The use of unconventional energy sources in national conditions

11. Basics of heat transfer / 5

Temperature field, basic heat transfer mechanisms. Heat conduction. Analytical description of thermal conductivity issues. Forced convec-tion and free convection. Thermal radiation

Class exercises consisting in group solving tasks and problem issues in order to consolidate knowledge determined by the outcomes W1, W2, W3 and mas-ter U1 skills

Lecture / verbal-visual method using modern multimedia techniques (presentations with animation elements, illustrations and diagrams of sample solutions). Providing content for independent study in order to consolidate the knowledge defined by outcomes W1, W2, W3

1. Thermodynamic state. Multi-component systems - selected issues / 2

Introduction. Basic concepts. Thermal equilibrium transactivity. Equations of state for ideal gas and nonideal gas. Ideal gas solutions

2. I law of thermodynamics / 3

Equations expressing the Ist law of thermodynamics. Energy balance for flow and open systems

3. II and III law of thermodynamics / 3

Entropy. The principle of entropy increase. The second law of thermodynamics for cycles. Direction of irreversible phenomena. Maximum work, exergy. Properties of substancies at low temperatures. The third law of thermodynamics

4. Properties of ideal gases / 2

Specific heat, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy of ideal gases. Characteristic processes of ideal gases

5. Thermodynamic cycles of heat engines and refrigeration devices /2

Comparative cycles of heat machines. Piston engine cycles. Turbine engine cycles. Compressor cycles

6. Properties of one-component real substances / 3

Thermodynamic coefficients. Maxwell relations. Functions of the state of real gases. Equilibrium conditions of a mono-constituent substance. Phase transitions

7. Multi-component systems - selected issues / 2

Properties of moist gases. Moist air processes

8. Thermodynamics of combustion processes / 3

Balancing the amount of substances in combustion processes. Oxygen and air demand for combustion. The amount and composition of exhaust gases at complete and incomplete combustion. Energy balance during combustion

9. Thermodynamics of compressible medium flows / 3

Basic equation of compressible flow. Accumulation parameters, critical parameters, general flow characteristics in the nozzle

10. Renewable energy sources / 2

Hydro, wind, geothermal and solar energy. The use of unconventional energy sources in national conditions

11. Basics of heat transfer / 5

Temperature field, basic heat transfer mechanisms. Heat conduction. Analytical description of thermal conductivity issues. Forced convection and free convection. Thermal radiation

Class exercises consisting in group solving tasks and problem issues in order to consolidate knowledge determined by the outcomes W1, W2, W3 and master U1 skills

.

1. Thermodynamic state. Multicomponent systems - selected issues / 2

Equations of ideal gas and nonideal gas. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters and composition of ideal gases solutions

2. Energy balance / 2

Determination of simple energy balances of thermodynamic systems with phase transitions

3. Reversible processes of ideal gases / 2

Calculation of heat, enthalpy, entropy and thermodynamic systems during typical processes of ideal gases

4. Comparative cycles of internal combustion engines and compressors / 2

Calculation of nodal point parameters and thermodynamic efficiency of internal combustion engines and compressors

5. Combustion / 3

Calculation of oxygen and combustion air demand. Calculation of the amount and composition of exhaust gases for complete and incomplete combustion. Energy balance during combustion

6. Heat transfer / 3

Heat conduction through rods and fins. Determination of heat transfer coefficients and heat fluxes at complex heat transfer

Laboratory exercises / practical method: implementation of issues in the form of work of research teams implementing the issue of measuring and interpreting phenomena in order to consolidate knowledge determined by the outcomes W1, W2, W3 and master U2 skills.

1. Basic methods and techniques for measuring temperature / 2

Basic methods and techniques for measuring temperature. Measuring system (virtual instruments)

2. Thermoelectric thermometers / 2

Temperature measurements with thermoelectric thermometers. and determining their thermal time constant

3. Resistance thermometers / 2

Temperature measurements with resistance thermometers. Engine piston temperature measurement

4. Phase transitions / 2

Phase transitions of the first and second type

5. Comparative cycles of engines and heat pumps / 2

Stirling engine efficiency test

6. Throttling of gases / 2

Investigating the effect of Joule-Thomson phenomenon on the laboratory stand

7. Properties of moist gases / 2

Measurement of air humidity

8. Renewable energy sources / 2

Determination of thermodynamic efficiency of a solar collector

Basic::

1. Y.A. Cengel and M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics, an Engineering Approach, McGraw Hill, Eighth Edition, New York, 2015.

2. M.J. Moran, H.N. Shapiro, D.D. Boettner, M.B. Bailey, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014

3. Y.A. Cengel, A.J. Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer. Fundamentals & Applications, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill Education, 2015

4. S. Wiśniewski, Termodynamika techniczna, WNT, Warszawa 1980, 1987

5 J. Szargut J., Termodynamika, PWN, Warszawa 1985 (także: Wyd. Pol. Śl., Gliwice, 2011),

6 S. Wiśniewski S., T. Wiśniewski , Wymiana ciepła, WNT, Warszawa 2000,

7. Panas A., Zmywaczyk J., Koniorczyk P., Termodynamika. Zbiór zadań, cz. 1. WAT, Warszawa 1997,

8. Terpiłowski J., Wiśniewski S., Termodynamika. Zbiór zadań, cz. 2. WAT, Warszawa 1974,

9. Terpiłowski J., Panas A., Wiśniewski S., Preiskorn M., Koniorczyk P., Zmywaczyk J., Szodrowski S., Termodynamika. Pomiary cieplne. WAT, Warszawa 1994;

10. Instrukcje do ćwiczeń laboratoryjnych ( https://wml.wat.edu.pl/instytut-techniki-lotniczej/zaklad-aerodynamiki-i-termodynamiki/materialy-dydaktyczne)

11. J. Zmywaczyk, Odnawialne źródła energii – wybrane problemy, Problemy Mechatroniki. Uzbrojenie, Lotnictwo, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa, 4,1, (11) 2013, 41-62

Complementary::

1. Kondepudi D., Prigogine I., Modern Thermodynamics. From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures. John Willey & Sons, New York 1998

2. Pudlik W., Termodynamika, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Gdańskiej, Gdańsk 2007.

W1 / knows the basic principles and laws of thermodynamics, their role as generalizations of the laws of classical mechanics and knows the basics of the thermodynamic description of physical phenomena occurring in the ele-ments, systems, devices, installations and systems of the aircraft and in their operation systems and the environment / K_W02

W2 / has structured knowledge in the field of technical thermodynamics, with particular emphasis on thermodynamic processes, cycles and combustion processes; knows and understands the importance of heat transfer in the construction and operational problems of aircraft and space vehicles, / K_W11

W3 / has advanced knowledge of selected issues of heat transfer in aircraft regarding methods and theories explaining the complex relationships be-tween them, constituting basic general knowledge in the field of mechan-ics, construction and operation of machines, / K_W19

U1 / is able to obtain information from literature, databases and other sources, can integrate acquired information, interpret them and draw conclusions on the thermal state of components, systems, devices and installations of the aircraft / K_U01

U2 / is able to use properly selected methods and devices to plan and carry out the measurement of basic quantities characterizing the thermal state of components, systems, devices and installations of the aircraft / K_U06

U3 / is able to analyze conceptual and design solutions in the context of con-struction and operational problems of aircraft and spacecraft / K_U14

The course is passed based on the mark.

Class exercises are passed based on the mark

Laboratory exercises are passed based on the mark

A remote form of examination and assessment is allowed

It is permissible to conduct classes using distance learning techniques.

Completion of lectures is conducted in writing with test and problem questions with the possibility of including an additional oral test. W1, W2. W3 effects and additionally U1, U2 and U3 effects are checked during the test.

The condition of admission to pass the lectures is obtaining positive marks for passing class exercises and laboratory classes. When determining the final mark, marks for exercises and laboratories with a weight not exceeding 50% may be taken into account.

Completion of class exercises for the mark is carried out in the form of a writ-ten test - colloquium - checking the effect of U1 with closed tasks. When de-termining the final mark, partial marks obtained during classes with a weight not exceeding half the weight of the colloquial mark are taken into account.

A prerequisite for obtaining pass for the class exercises is obtaining positive marks from the colloquium / colloquiums and positive marks from answering control questions checking the effect of W1 and evaluation of the solutions of accounting tasks implemented during the classes.

The pass of laboratory classes for the mark is carried out on the basis of the average assessment of tests to check the preparation for the performance of individual exercises and the evaluation of written reports of the exercises.

A prerequisite for obtaining pass for laboratory classes is obtaining positive marks for answers to control questions and positive marks for written re-ports on the exercise.

The W1, W2 and W3 effect is checked above all during lectures.

A satisfactory mark (dst) is awarded to a student who:

1. Knows and is able to independently present the quantities and functions of the thermodynamic state description

2. Is able to independently provide and interpret the laws of thermodynamics of equilibrium processes

3. Is able to give basic dependencies of the description of the ideal gas state independently

4. Knows and can independently provide a minimum of 50% of concepts and relationships in the field of topics discussed during classes (includ-ing the description of thermodynamic processes, the state of real fac-tors, the basics of combustion theory, thermodynamics of fluids and the basics of heat transfer theory)

A satisfactory plus (dst +) is awarded to a student who in addition to the as-sessment requirements (dst) :

1. Knows and can independently provide a minimum of 70% of concepts and relationships in the field of topics discussed during classes (includ-ing the description of thermodynamic processes, the state of real fac-tors, the basics of combustion theory, thermodynamics of fluids and the basics of heat transfer theory)

2. Is able to independently specify the way to use basic relationships to de-termine the state of the substance and to determine changes in parame-ters and state functions during thermodynamic processes

Good (db) is awarded to a student who in addition to the assessment require-ments (dst+):

1. Knows and is able to independently provide a minimum of 90% of con-cepts and relationships in the field of topics discussed during classes (including the description of thermodynamic processes, the state of real factors, the basics of combustion theory, thermodynamics of fluids and the basics of heat transfer theory)

2. Can present the deriving of most relations composed of basic dependen-cies

A good plus (db+) is awarded to a student who in addition to the assessment requirements (db):

1. Is able to independently present and explain how to derive most of the re-lationships composed of basic dependencies

2. Can formulate a theoretical description of a complex thermodynamic problem and is able to provide a way to solve it

Very good mark (bdb) is awarded to a student who in addition to the assess-ment requirements (db +):

1. Is able to formulate the theoretical description of a complex thermody-namic problem by himself and is able to provide a way to solve it.

An unsatisfactory mark is awarded to a student who does not meet the re-quirements outlined above

The U1 and U3 effects are checked during the class exercises during the per-formance of tasks and during the test:

A satisfactory mark (dst) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to independently determine the parameters and changes of param-eters of the idea gas state during thermodynamic processes

2. Is able to perform calculations taking into account thermal effects in the overall energy balance for a closed system

3. Can carry out the analysis of a simple thermodynamic cycle with the de-termination of parameters of nodal points for ideal gas

4. Can make calculations in the field of combustion theory with generalized relationships

5. Is able to perform calculations in the field of simple heat transfer prob-lems having at his disposal selected criterion relationships

A satisfactory plus (dst +) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to carry out an analysis of a simple thermodynamic cycle with the determination of parameters of nodal points for ideal gas and determina-tion of changes in the state function and calculation of the efficiency / ef-ficiency of the cycle

2. Is able to perform calculations taking into account thermal effects in the overall energy balance for a steady state flow system

3. Can determine the basic parameters of a fluid in a one-dimensional flow model.

Good (db) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to independently determine the parameters and changes in the pa-rameters of the semi-ideal gas state during thermodynamic processes

2. Is able to perform calculations taking into account thermal effects in the overall energy balance for an open system

3. Is able to make calculations in the field of combustion theory inde-pendently

4. Can carry out a full analysis of one-dimensional compressible fluid flow

5. Can make calculations in the field of simple heat transfer problems

A good plus (db+) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to independently determine the parameters and changes of param-eters of the real gas state during thermodynamic processes

2. Can carry out a full analysis of the thermodynamic cycle, taking into ac-count the heat balance of combustion processes as a heat source

3. Is able to prepare an exergy balance for a technical system

4. Is able to carry out a heat transfer analysis for an element of a technical system, taking into account possible combinations of heat transport mechanisms

Very good mark (bdb) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to independently and flawlessly perform all tasks specified in the points of this list.

An unsatisfactory mark is awarded to a student who does not meet the re-quirements outlined above

The U2 and U3 effects are checked during laboratory classes and by as-sessing the submitted reports:

A satisfactory (dst) mark is awarded to a student who:

1. Knows and adheres to the principle of safety at work in the laboratory

2. Is able to independently define and interpret the values determined during the planned test

The course is passed based on the mark.

Class exercises are passed based on the mark

Laboratory exercises are passed based on the mark

A remote form of examination and assessment is allowed

It is permissible to conduct classes using distance learning techniques.

Completion of lectures is conducted in writing with test and problem questions with the possibility of including an additional oral test. W1, W2. W3 effects and additionally U1, U2 and U3 effects are checked during the test.

The condition of admission to pass the lectures is obtaining positive marks for passing class exercises and laboratory classes. When determining the final mark, marks for exercises and laboratories with a weight not exceeding 50% may be taken into account.

Completion of class exercises for the mark is carried out in the form of a written test - colloquium - checking the effect of U1 with closed tasks. When determining the final mark, partial marks obtained during classes with a weight not exceeding half the weight of the colloquial mark are taken into account.

A prerequisite for obtaining pass for the class exercises is obtaining positive marks from the colloquium / colloquiums and positive marks from answering control questions checking the effect of W1 and evaluation of the solutions of accounting tasks implemented during the classes.

The pass of laboratory classes for the mark is carried out on the basis of the average assessment of tests to check the preparation for the performance of individual exercises and the evaluation of written reports of the exercises.

A prerequisite for obtaining pass for laboratory classes is obtaining positive marks for answers to control questions and positive marks for written reports on the exercise.

The W1, W2 and W3 effect is checked above all during lectures.

A satisfactory mark (dst) is awarded to a student who:

1. Knows and is able to independently present the quantities and functions of the thermodynamic state description

2. Is able to independently provide and interpret the laws of thermodynamics of equilibrium processes

3. Is able to give basic dependencies of the description of the ideal gas state independently

4. Knows and can independently provide a minimum of 50% of concepts and relationships in the field of topics discussed during classes (including the description of thermodynamic processes, the state of real factors, the basics of combustion theory, thermodynamics of fluids and the basics of heat transfer theory)

A satisfactory plus (dst +) is awarded to a student who in addition to the assessment requirements (dst) :

1. Knows and can independently provide a minimum of 70% of concepts and relationships in the field of topics discussed during classes (including the description of thermodynamic processes, the state of real factors, the basics of combustion theory, thermodynamics of fluids and the basics of heat transfer theory)

2. Is able to independently specify the way to use basic relationships to determine the state of the substance and to determine changes in parameters and state functions during thermodynamic processes

Good (db) is awarded to a student who in addition to the assessment requirements (dst+):

1. Knows and is able to independently provide a minimum of 90% of concepts and relationships in the field of topics discussed during classes (including the description of thermodynamic processes, the state of real factors, the basics of combustion theory, thermodynamics of fluids and the basics of heat transfer theory)

2. Can present the deriving of most relations composed of basic dependencies

A good plus (db+) is awarded to a student who in addition to the assessment requirements (db):

1. Is able to independently present and explain how to derive most of the relationships composed of basic dependencies

2. Can formulate a theoretical description of a complex thermodynamic problem and is able to provide a way to solve it

Very good mark (bdb) is awarded to a student who in addition to the assessment requirements (db +):

1. Is able to formulate the theoretical description of a complex thermodynamic problem by himself and is able to provide a way to solve it.

An unsatisfactory mark is awarded to a student who does not meet the requirements outlined above

The U1 and U3 effects are checked during the class exercises during the performance of tasks and during the test:

A satisfactory mark (dst) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to independently determine the parameters and changes of parameters of the idea gas state during thermodynamic processes

2. Is able to perform calculations taking into account thermal effects in the overall energy balance for a closed system

3. Can carry out the analysis of a simple thermodynamic cycle with the determination of parameters of nodal points for ideal gas

4. Can make calculations in the field of combustion theory with generalized relationships

5. Is able to perform calculations in the field of simple heat transfer problems having at his disposal selected criterion relationships

A satisfactory plus (dst +) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to carry out an analysis of a simple thermodynamic cycle with the determination of parameters of nodal points for ideal gas and determination of changes in the state function and calculation of the efficiency / efficiency of the cycle

2. Is able to perform calculations taking into account thermal effects in the overall energy balance for a steady state flow system

3. Can determine the basic parameters of a fluid in a one-dimensional flow model.

Good (db) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to independently determine the parameters and changes in the parameters of the semi-ideal gas state during thermodynamic processes

2. Is able to perform calculations taking into account thermal effects in the overall energy balance for an open system

3. Is able to make calculations in the field of combustion theory independently

4. Can carry out a full analysis of one-dimensional compressible fluid flow

5. Can make calculations in the field of simple heat transfer problems

A good plus (db+) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to independently determine the parameters and changes of parameters of the real gas state during thermodynamic processes

2. Can carry out a full analysis of the thermodynamic cycle, taking into account the heat balance of combustion processes as a heat source

3. Is able to prepare an exergy balance for a technical system

4. Is able to carry out a heat transfer analysis for an element of a technical system, taking into account possible combinations of heat transport mechanisms

Very good mark (bdb) is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to independently and flawlessly perform all tasks specified in the points of this list.

An unsatisfactory mark is awarded to a student who does not meet the requirements outlined above

The U2 and U3 effects are checked during laboratory classes and by assessing the submitted reports:

A satisfactory (dst) mark is awarded to a student who:

1. Knows and adheres to the principle of safety at work in the laboratory

2. Is able to independently define and interpret the values determined during the planned test

3. Is able to independently present the structure and describe the operation of the test stand

4. Is able to carry out the planned measurement (planned study) in group cooperation and in consultation with the teacher

5. Can, in group cooperation, develop research results and present a report

A satisfactory plus (dst+) is given to the student who:

1. Can, in group cooperation, correctly interpret the result of the experiment

Good (db) mark receives a student who:

1. Is able to carry out a planned measurement (planned test) in group cooperation

2. Is able to carry out the analysis of the measurement error

3. Is able to work out flawlessly research results and present a report in group cooperation

A good plus (db+) is awarded to a student who:

1. Can set up a measuring station (build a model / develop a virtual object)

2. Is able to independently develop and interpret research results

3. Is able to independently carry out the measurement error analysis to justify its result

Very good mark is awarded to a student who:

1. Is able to perform all tasks independently and without error

2. Is able to relate the obtained result to the physical phenomenon characteristic of a given structural element of the aircraft (physical phenomenon related to aeronautical and space technology)

An unsatisfactory mark is awarded to a student who does not meet the requirements outlined above.