Strength and Materials Science Laboratory

Experimental determination of strain and stress in a selected section of a bending beam. Experimental verification of the formula determining the de-flection line of a bending beam. Calculation of reactions of a statically inde-terminate structure. Experimental determination of material constants, i.e. Young's modulus and Poisson's number of a metal sample. Experimental determination of critical force in a compression bar. Thermal analysis of al-loys. Microscopic examination of the structure of steels, cast steels and cast irons. Microscopic examination of non-ferrous metal alloys. Dilatometric anal-ysis of metals. Measurements of metal hardness. Examination of hardiness of steel. Precipitation strengthening of aluminium alloys. Density testing of porous materials and powders.

Laboratory / experimental method

1. Experimental verification of the formula defining the bending beam deflection line / 2

Analysis of deformations and stresses in a bending bar. Bending strength condition. Differential equation of the bar deflection line.

2. Experimental determination of material constants, i.e. the Young's modulus and Poisson's numer / 2

Fundamentals of material strength: Idealization - real object, computational model. External and internal forces in bars. Nomenclature of internal forces and basic load cases.

3. Experimental determination of deformation and stress in a selected section of a bending beam / 2

Bending rods. Classification of issues. Shear force, bending moment. The relationship between the shear force and the bending moment. Shear force and bending moment diagrams.

4. Determination of structural reaction statically indeterminate / 2

Equilibrium conditions of any system of forces: Purpose of statics. Conditions of equilibrium of the system of forces. Spatial arbitrary arrangement of forces. Special cases of the system of forces. Alternative equilibrium conditions. Statically determinate systems.

5. Buckling test of a compressed member / 2

Buckling of axially compressed members. Basic assumptions and dependencies. Critical force - Euler's formula.

6. Thermal analysis of alloys /2

Experiment aimed at solidification curves of binary alloys. Formation of equilibrium systems on the basis of solidification curves. Differences in the construction of equilibrium systems depending on the solubility of the alloy’s components. Equilibrium systems with partial and temperature-dependent solubility of components. Systems with allotropic transformation and intermetallic phase. Properties of alloys depending on the type of equilibrium system.

7. Microscopic examination of the structure of steel, cast steel and cast iron /2

The working principle of the metallographic optical microscope in the inverted system. Preparation of steel samples for metallographic observations. Structure of steels depending on the carbon content and position in the iron-cementite equilibrium system. Types of graphite in various grades of cast iron.

8. Microscopic examination of non-ferrous alloys /2

Structures of pure metals: copper, aluminum and magnesium. Structure of casting and forming alloys. Effect of alloying additives on the structure and properties of non-ferrous alloys.

9. Thermo-dilatometric analysis /2

Basic crystallographic structures of metals. Deffects of crystallographic structure: vacancies, Frenkel defects, dislocations and grain boundaries. Interstitial and substitutional solid solutions. Equilibrium systems with partial and temperature-dependent solubility of components. Systems with allotropic transformation and intermetallic phase.

10. Hardness testing of metals / 2

The role of hardness measurements in product quality testing. Hardness testing by methods: Vickers, Brinell and Rockwell. Simplified methods of hardness measurement.

11. Hardenability testing / 2

Four basic transformations that occurres during heating and cooling of steel. TTTi and TTTc diagrams. Kinetics of structural transformations during hardening. Effect of tempering temperature on steel properties. Effect of carbon and alloying additives on the critical hardening rate.

12. Precipitation strengthening of aluminum alloys / 2

Structure of the equilibrium system conditioning the performance of precipitation strengthening. Phenomena occurring during supersaturation and aging. Kinetics of the formation of Guinier-Preston zones.

13. Density testing of porous materials and powders / 2

Manufacturing methods of metal and non-metal powders. Manufacturing of sinters: powder mixing, pressing, sintering and finishing operations. Types of sintered materials: Special characteristics of sintered materials.

Basic:

1. W. D Callister, D. G. Rethwish, Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction, Wiley, 10th Edition

2. M. Ashby, H. Shercliff, D. Cebon, Materials Engineering, Science, Processing and Design, Elsevier, 2007

3. V. Dias da Silva, Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Springer, 2005

Complementary:

1. M. Miowownik, Stuff Matters: Exploring the Marvelous Materials that Shape Our Man-Made World, Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Har-court, 2015

Symbol and number of the effect of the subject/result of learning/reference to majority effect

W1 / Student has well-structured and theoretically grounded knowledge of general mechanics, including knowledge covering the key aspects of aircraft design and operation / K_W06

W2 / Student has well-structured and theoretically grounded knowledge of the basics of machine design and strength of materials as well as engineering graphics and construction notation / K_W07

W3 / Student has well-structured and theoretically grounded knowledge of the structural, technological and operational problems of machines, object evaluation criteria, reliability and safety and processes leading to failures of mechanical objects / K_W09

W4 / Student has advanced knowledge of the selected facts about objects and phenomena and concerning the meth-ods and theories which explain the complex interrelation-ships among them, constituting the basic general knowledge within the disciplines of mechanics, mechanical engineering and operation, electronics, electrical engineer-ing, computer science / K_W19

U1 / Student is able to obtain information from literature, databases and other sources, can integrate acquired information, interpret them and draw conclusions as well as formulate and justify opinions and identify and describe components, circuits, equipment, installations and systems of aircraft and space-craft using information and communication technologies. / K_U01

U2 / Student is able to use properly the selected methods and equipment to plan and perform measurements of the principal characteristic quantities of aircraft compo-nents, circuits, equipment and installations / K_U06

U3 / Student is able to plan and organise his/her individual and team work. / K_U16

U4 / Student Is able at the identification and formulation of specifications of engineering tasks and their solution to:

• use analytical, simulation and experimental methods,

• recognise their systemic and non-technical aspects,

• make an initial economic assessment of proposed so-lutions and engineering actions undertaken / K_U17

The subject is passed on the basis of: score with grade

Engineering competencies are developed through participation in practical classes, which are part of the subject area implemented in the educational program. Practical classes require students to be actively involved, which consists of:

* preparation for classes,

* active implementation of the tasks set by the class instructor (implementation of activities provided for in the instructions to the class),

* analysis and evaluation of the results obtained,

* development of a report and conclusions.

The classes are aimed at obtaining competence in the selection of materials, in the design and operation of aircraft and space technology objects.

The prerequisite for passing the course is the completion of all laboratory exercises.

The grade for passing the course is the arithmetic average of the grades obtained from the instructors of the laboratory exercises.

In the case of unpreparedness for classes, a failing grade can be corrected at consultations. A student who is absent from the laboratory on the scheduled date of classes may make up the classes by coming with another group, including a group studying part-time. Willingness to make up the class should be reported to the instructor before the class.

Achievement of effects W1-W4 and U1-U4 is verified during individual laboratory exercises.